Cardiology Basics

Chest pain is one of the most frequent and critical complaints in emergency and outpatient settings. Among its many causes, angina pectoris—a manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD)—requires urgent evaluation to rule out myocardial infarction and prevent sudden cardiac death. This post outlines a practical approach to stable and unstable angina, including classification, diagnosis, emergency […]

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Prompt recognition and rapid initiation of treatment are critical in improving patient survival. This guide focuses on the acute management of STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) — the most severe form of MI — using a case-based approach and step-wise treatment protocol. 🧑‍⚕️

Heart failure is a critical cardiovascular condition in which the heart fails to pump blood adequately to meet the body’s metabolic demands. It is broadly classified into systolic (forward) failure and diastolic (filling) failure, with further subtypes including right-sided and left-sided heart failure. Types of Heart Failure 1. Systolic Heart Failure (Forward Failure) Systolic failure